And before you rush out and buy some for yourself, know that, as is the case with any natural supplement, there are some risks involved. For one thing, myrrh may interact with warfarin a blood thinner used to treat clots , so check with your doctor before using if you're on that type of medication. And it can cause skin irritation if used topically, so be wary of it if you have sensitive skin. Powell says myrrh oil or powder should be diluted in water or another solution before applying to the skin.
You should also talk to your doctor before using it if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. It has been commonly used throughout during pregnancy by traditional herbalists. However, there are theoretical risks of uterine stimulation and decreased placental blood flow during pregnancy.
For this reason, myrrh is best avoided during pregnancy," says Dr. It's also unclear if myrrh makes it into breastmilk, and if so, what effect it would have on a growing baby. All herbal extract and essential oils used when you're expecting should be cleared by your doctor first, Dr.
Powell adds. The bottom line: Myrrh could have some promising uses at home, especially when it comes to fighting bacteria and inflammation. But as with any natural remedy, be sure to talk to a medical professional before using to ensure you're using a safe dosage, and that it won't interfere with any medications or health conditions you have. A discussion on possible side effects associated with EOs as well as anti-corona virus claims made by EOs manufacturers are also highlighted.
Based on the current knowledge a chemo-herbal EOs combination of the drugs could be a more feasible and effective approach to combat this viral pandemic. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a new respiratory pathogen and is responsible for large-scale morbidities and mortalities around the globe.
These two strains are reported to be originated from Rousettus leschenaultia , i. These viruses are wrapped in host cells-derived lipid membranes in which viral surface proteins are embedded.
Once the virus gains entry into the respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 causes damage to epithelial cells of the airways making lungs unable to clear dirt and mucus which can lead to pneumonia. This leads to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS , septic shock, metabolic acidosis, coagulation dysfunction, and even death Yang et al. There is no clear, unified, and effective treatment plan for COVID but various approaches are being tried depending upon various sign and symptoms of individual patients.
Inhibition of virus entry into the host cell via affecting glycosylation of ACE2 receptors in pulmonary cells as well as through inhibition of S protein priming and endocytosis Gao et al. Use of convalescent plasma and IL-6R blocker tocilizumab a recombinant humanized anti-human IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody either alone or in combination with different classes of drugs are also under clinical trials and have shown clinical improvements Girija et al. Currently, there is no vaccine available for SARS-CoV-2, but clinical trials are on the way to test the efficacies of multiple newly formulated vaccines; however, this will take some time to develop.
Data of this study showed that blockage of TMPRSS2 by camostat mesylate inhibited infection of cells in in vitro assays. RT-PCR techniques were used to quantify viral load by copy number estimation in the cell supernatants. Among these drugs, remdesivir, an adenosine analogue and chloroquine, were found to be highly effective in blocking the infection of African green monkey kidney cells Vero E6, both drugs and human lung cancer cells Huh-7, remdesivir only by SARC-CoV-2 Wang et al.
Essential oils EOs are comprised of a complex mixture of volatile phytochemicals from diverse classes including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and phenylpropanoids. Numerous researchers have studied the antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and antiviral properties of EOs. HSV -1 and -2 are known to cause many life-threatening diseases in humans and are one of the major reasons for mortality in immunocompromised patients.
HSV-1 is majorly responsible for HSV-induced lesions in the oral cavity and epidermis, while HSV-2 causes genital herpes, a sexually transmitted disease.
An in vitro study conducted by Schnitzler and colleagues showed that lemon balm oil inhibited plague formation of HSV-1 and HSV-2 viruses in a dose-dependent fashion. Moreover, at higher concentrations it abolished the viral infectivity almost completely Schnitzler et al. Pre-treatment with EOs obtained from illicium verum, Melaleuca alternifolia , Leptospermum scoparium , and Matricaria recutita was found to inhibit the infective ability of acyclovir-sensitive and -resistant HSV stains, indicating the immense antiviral potential of EOs Schnitzler et al.
Anti-IFV properties of liquid and vapour forms of EOs obtained from various plant species were studied using in vitro techniques. Vapours of EOs obtained from Citrus bergamia , Eucalyptus globulus , and their isolated compounds, i.
Vapour form of EOs was also found to be safe against monolayers of epithelial cells. The study concluded that EOs in vapour form could benefit people suffering from influenza Vimalanathan and Hudson Carvacrol and its isomer thymol obtained from oregano have been shown to inhibit viral host cell fusion via depletion of viral cholesterol from the HIV-1 envelope membranes, thus blocking the entry of the virus into the host system Mediouni et al.
Owing to the lipophilic nature of EOs, these have the potential to intercalate into the lipid double layer of the viral envelope.
Subsequently, the fluidity of the membranes is changed and, at a higher concentration, the membranes are even ruptured Wink Major mechanisms through which EOs induce antiviral actions are, direct actions on free viruses, inhibition of steps involved in virus attachment, penetration, intracellular replication, and release from host cells and inhibition of vital viral enzymes Ma and Yao ; Schnitzler et al. The current review provides precise and comprehensive information on the essential oils and their possible contribution in the prevention and treatment of COVID The study database encompassed articles of peer-reviewed journals, books, thesis, dissertations, various patents, and supplementary reports covering anti-SARC-CoV-2 properties of traditionally used essential oils.
Essential oils having scientifically established antiviral activities against SARC-CoV-2 in in vitro, docking models, or in clinical settings were selected for reporting.
Essential oils having antiviral activities against other viruses and lacking any scientific evidence against SARC-CoV-2 were excluded. Enveloped viruses are known to respond sensitively to essential oils Schnitzler et al. Essential oils obtained from eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus are traditionally used to treat various respiratory ailments including pharyngitis, bronchitis, and sinusitis. Eucalyptus oil and its active constituent, 1,8-cineole have been shown to exhibit muscle relaxant effects by decreasing smooth muscle contractions of airways induced by different agents Bastos et al.
Moreover, clinical studies have indicated that inhalation of cineole extracted from eucalyptus exerted anti-inflammatory by blocking cytokines release and analgesic effects; hence, it can be effectively used in COPD and asthmatic patients Juergens et al.
Eucalyptus oil is reported to have in vitro antiviral activities against various strains of viruses including enveloped mumps viruses MV and herpes simplex viruses HSV-1 and HSV-2 Lau et al.
Brochot and colleagues also reported the antiviral activities of eucalyptus oil and its active constituent, i. Both essential oil and 1,8-cineole were proposed to inactivate free influenza A virus and disrupt the envelope structures of virus Brochot et al. Having established the antiviral activity of eucalyptus oil and eucalyptol against respiratory viruses, multiple researchers have attempted to explore the antiviral efficacy of eucalyptus oil and its active ingredients against SARC-CoV-2 using in vitro assays and molecular docking techniques.
Sharma and colleagues also predicted preprints the anti-proteinase efficacy of 1,8-cineole eucalyptol , another active constituent of eucalyptus oil, using molecular docking techniques.
Data obtained showed that 1,8-cineole can bind with Mpro and thus can inhibit viral reproduction. Among these two compounds, 1,8-cineole is more extensively studied for its pharmacological potentials against various respiratory ailments Juergens et al. Juergens and colleagues conducted a double-blind clinical trial to check the efficacy of 1,8-cineole in steroid-dependent bronchial asthma patients.
A recent review highlighted the favourable safety and efficacy profile of eucalyptol 1,8-cinoele in numerous multi-centre, double-blinded, and randomized clinical trials conducted in Germany in patients having acute and chronic respiratory conditions including rhinosinusitis, bronchitis, COPD, and asthma, respectively Juergens et al.
This hyper-inflammatory state is associated with increased levels of circulating cytokines, profound lymphopaenia, and substantial mononuclear cell infiltration in the lungs and other organs including heart, spleen, lymph nodes, and kidneys.
The systemic cytokine profiles observed in patients showed increased production of cytokines such as IL-6, IL-7, and tumour necrosis factor TNF and many other pro-inflammatory cytokines Merad and Martin Various in vitro and ex vivo studies were conducted to study the effects of eucalyptus oils and eucalyptol treatments on monocytes and macrophage recruitment in response to lung inflammation and infections.
Data of these studies demonstrate marked immunomodulatory properties of both eucalyptus oil and its active ingredient, i. They induce cell death or apoptosis through the down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic gene product. It inhibits the proliferation of cells and induces apoptosis of HepG2 cells, which, in turn, activates the intrinsic mitochondrion pathway.
Besides, myrrh extracts act by interacting with the Bcl family of proteins, which facilitates the pro-apoptotic activity. Due to such interaction, myrrh induces pro-apoptotic protein expression while reducing the expression of Bcl proteins, mainly the Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl proteins.
When taken at low doses, myrrh works by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK pathway of cancer cells and such action promotes the phosphorylation of N-terminal kinase and P38, which have a crucial role in both adaptive and innate immune systems. Analgestic action The myrrh has proven to be useful analgesics in ancient times due to significant compounds that act effectively as pain relievers.
The sesquiterpenes furanocudesma-1, 3-diene, and curzerene found in myrrh are essential compounds that act on the opioid receptors in the central nervous system by exerting analgesic activity.
In addition, the sesquiterpenes furanocudesma-1, 3-diene in myrrh, especially those extracted from Commiphora mukul has significant effects in relieving abdominal pain and alleviating health hyperalgesia. As a consequence, such extracts act by alleviating the pain in peripheral nerves from chronic compressive injuries that affect the sciatic nerves. Also, the extracts can be used as the alternative medication to treat nerve pains. Additionally, the current study showed that compounds, such as lindestrene and sesquiterpenes furanocudesma-1, 3-diene found in myrrh have chemical action by acting on nerves and body joints to relieve pain.
The compound acts by suppressing the production of prostaglandins and block the inward sodium currents, hence alleviating feelings of pain. The high content of furanodiene compounds works by alleviating low pain and fever-dependent pain. Effect of Myrrh on virus and bacteria The impacts of myrrh on viruses and bacteria are well documented in previously conducted studies.
The existing empirical evidence shows that myrrh extracts have viral effects in which the extracts from such plants have antibacterial and antiviral activity against different strains of viruses. A study investigated the anti-bactericidal, antifungal, and antiviral activity of essential oils from myrrh extracts supported the efficacy of the extracts in reducing the growth of different strains of bacteria and virus.
The study found that essential oils in myrrh provide antiviral activity against influenza virus type A H1N1 and herpes simplex virus type 1 HSV The study found that myrrh acts by directly causing inactivation of free viral particles and interfere with the virion envelope structures, which are crucial for the virus to enter the host cells.
Also, the extracts act by inhibiting DNA polymerase in viral strains; therefore, preventing viral resistance to specificmedications. As such, myrrh can be used as antiviral medication in which new drugs can be developedwith the use of the extracts and ensure that they target DNA polymerase. In terms of antibacterial effects of myrrh, a study showed that the essential oils in myrrh have antibacterial activity against different strains of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomona aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
It demonstrated that the Oleo gum resin from C. Myrrh or molmol and essential oil cream from myrrh play a crucial role in reducing the resistance of bacteria.
The study disclosed that the extracts have bactericidal activity and molluscicidal activity, which helps the bacterial from developing resistance to specific drugs.
The extracts prevent multidrug resistance of bacteria; hence they are essential agents to use in multidrug pharmaceutical preparation of drugs. Previously conducted studies showed similar information about the efficacy of myrrh resin in terms of antibacterial activity. The studies showed that terpenoids found in myrrhextracts have antimicrobial, molluscicidal activity, anti-hyperglycemic, and cytotoxic activities, which make them essential therapeutic agents against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Further, the study revealed that due to biological and bactericidal activities of myrrh, the extracts or resin from Commiphora myrrh could be used as broad-spectrum drugs against multidrug-resistant bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomona aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Use of myrrh for for respiratory inections Commiphora myrrh or myrrh has also been found to have clinical effects on chest infection and sore throat, mainly acting by suppressing the inflammation.
The review found that C. Similarly, a study supported the effects of aromatic gum resin in myrrh on chest infections. The resin acts by exerting anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity against bacterial or fungal infection, causing chest ailments. It is also shared that resin or extracts in C. The existing body of evidence demonstrates that the volatile compounds, which include essential oils that are rich in furanosesquiterpenoids have antiseptic and antifungal properties, which are essential in treating mild inflammation that can lead to sore throat and related ailments in the pharyngeal and oral mucosa.
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Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Here are 11 science-based health benefits and uses of myrrh essential oil. Share on Pinterest. Kills Harmful Bacteria. Summary Myrrh oil has been used to kill harmful bacteria long before scientists discovered that microbes cause contagious illnesses.
It may have an impact on some drug-resistant and Lyme disease bacteria. May Support Oral Health. Yet, more studies are needed to confirm these benefits.
Summary Some natural mouthwashes and toothpastes contain myrrh oil, which may help relieve mouth sores and gum inflammation. Never swallow these products.
Specific studies on myrrh oil are more telling. Summary Applying diluted myrrh oil on your skin may aid wound healing and fight microbes that can cause infections. Combats Pain and Swelling. May Be a Powerful Antioxidant. Oxidative damage from free radicals contributes to aging and some diseases. Summary Test-tube and animal studies show that myrrh oil is a powerful antioxidant and even more effective than vitamin E. However, human studies are needed. Kills Some Parasites.
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